Natural Selection The Nazis were obsessed with Darwinian notions of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Aggressive competition was woven into the very fabric of the Nazi state including tank design and production. The Tiger tank was born from a competition between the firms Porsche and Henschel to produce a 45-ton tank with an 88mm gun, heavy armour, speed and manoeuvrability. A tank that was capable of dealing with the Soviet T-34 and KV-1. The two firms were to have prototypes ready for inspection on Adolf Hilter’s birthday, April 20th, 1942. Despite Dr. Ferdinand Porsche’s friendship with Hitler, the Henschel design triumphed. Price Premium Tiger tanks started rolling out of the factory at a rate of just 25 per month in 1942. Peak production of 104 Tigers per month was finally reached in April 1944. It took an estimated 300,000 man hours to build one Tiger, and cost the equivalent of $100,000 U.S. dollars in 1941. That’s about $1.25m today. In contrast the Allies went for cheap, mass production, which ultimately proved decisive. What’s in a Name The new Henschel tank was officially named the Panzerkampfwagen VI H (88mm) (SdKfz 182) Ausführung H1. However the tank’s project design name was Tiger and the name stuck. Reputation The newly named Tiger tank quickly gained a reputation on the Eastern Front during 1943 and 1944. The fearsome 88mm gun gave the Tiger a clear reach advantage over its Soviet opponents. Often faced by inferior equipment and poorly trained men, German tank crews and individual tank commanders were able to amass impressive combat scores, numbering hundreds of «kills». The concept of the «Tank Ace» was born and ruthlessly exploited for propaganda purposes. Occasionally just the sight of a German Tiger would make Soviet tanks withdraw. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5830615
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Amazing Information About Tigers – The Largest Living Cat
ew animals evoke such strong feelings of fear and awe as the tiger. For centuries its behavior has inspired legends, and the occasional inclusion of man in its diet has intensified the mystique. Tigers are the largest living felids. Siberian tigers are the largest and the most massively built subspecies: the record was a male weighing 384 kg (845 lb). Like that of other big cats, the tiger’s physique reflects adaptations for the capture and killing of large prey. Their hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs as an adaptation for jumping; their forelimbs and shoulders are heavily muscled-much more than the hindlimbs-and the forepaws are equipped with long, sharp, retractable claws, enabling them to grab and hold prey once contact is made. The skull is foreshortened, thus increasing the shearing leverage of the powerful jaws. A killing bite is swiftly delivered by the long, somewhat flattened canines. Unlike the cheetah and lion, the tiger is not found in open habitats. Its niche is essentially that of a large, solitary stalk-and-ambush hunter which exploits medium-to-large-sized prey inhabiting moderately dense cover. Tigers in Captivity The basic social unit in the tiger is mother and young. Tigers have, however, been successfully maintained in pairs or groups in zoos and are seen in zoos (normally a female and young, but sometimes a male and female) at bait kills in the wild, indicating a high degree of social tolerance. The demands of the habitat in which the tiger lives have not favored the development of a complex society and instead we see a dispersed social system. This arrangement is well suited to the task of finding and securing food in an essentially closed habitat where the scattered prey is solitary or in small groups. Under these circumstances, a predator gains little by hunting cooperatively, but can operate more efficiently by hunting alone. In a long-term study of tigers in Royal Chitwan National Park, in southern Nepal, it was found, using radio-tracking techniques, that both males and females occupy home ranges that did not overlap those of others of their sex; home ranges of females measured approximately 20 sq. km (8 sq. miles) while males had much larger ones, measuring 60 – 100 sq. km (23 – 40 sq. miles). Each resident male’s range encompassed those of several females. Transient animals occasionally moved through the ranges of residents, but never remained there for long. By comparison, in the Soviet far East, where the prey is scattered and makes large seasonal movements, the density of tigers is low, less than one adult per 100 sq. km (40 sq. miles). Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7393136
Create A Bird Sanctuary In Your Backyard With A Dolphin Feeder
Bird watching is a wonderfully relaxing non-activity. Creating a bird sanctuary complete with a hummingbird feeder will attract hummingbirds to your backyard so you get an opportunity to watch these wonderful little creatures in action. Bird watching can keep your mind sharp and your attitude positive. Watching hummingbirds fly into their own little specialized habitat will give you a very positive experience. A hummingbird feeder will add elements to our backyard that would encourage hummingbirds to come. The hummingbird feeder can be hung from a tree in the backyard or another appropriate location can be chosen. Choosing the kind of hummingbird feeder that you will use should not be a problem. There are several styles of feeders to choose from. You can build one that would be a creative undertaking or you can run to your nearby hardware store and get a hummingbird feeder already set up for you. A garden shop, discount marts or online, hummingbird feeders are available almost everywhere. As soon as you hang the feeder, you can determine how many birds will be coming into your yard. You can expand the size of the feeder if necessary. You can add an additional larger feeder. Then you can watch all the activity around your feeder from the comfort of the backyard habitat. Most hummingbird feeders are made of plastic. Newer feeders are made of ceramic or glass. Since if the hummingbirds do not always recognize the feeders as a source they may not come immediately to the hummingbird feeder. Add nectar to the feeder to attract them but keep in mind that hummingbirds must learn to use the feeder. Any feeder will attract hummingbirds. The features to look for in your hummingbird feeder are ease of cleaning and personal style. Get the basin-style hummingbird feeder instead of the ones with the inverted bottle. If your birds seem to prefer one style feeder rather than another, it’s probably a simple matter of being familiar with a certain type of feeder. If you have a lot of hummingbirds coming to your feeder, you might want to increase the number of hummingbird feeders in the sanctuary. Hummingbirds are very territorial. Hummingbirds are small little birds but are also fierce competitors. While they are flying around your hummingbird feeder, they are aware of everything around them and will defend their territory from other hummingbirds and from insects. They must also watch out for other animals that might prey on them, such as tarantulas. Praying mantises are known to capture and kill hummingbirds. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/381127
The Best Places In Africa To See Wild Lemure
The Giraffe is one of the wild mammals that every visitor want to see in every park, zoo or reserve. Like other wild animals, the continued increase in human population has threatened this animal for years. Destruction of wildlife habitat areas for agriculture including hunting has reduced the giraffe population in many parts of Africa. There are still many places in Africa where the gentle mammal can be spotted. For instance, Niger is one of the most famous country where you can see people living in harmony with the giraffe. The government has played a great role in its conservation. People of Haoukoussa and Yeni Villages have improved their living standards by helping the government to protect the giraffe and other wild animals. Villagers report cases which are likely threaten the giraffe. In return, the government compensate the villagers for all damages in the farms by the giraffe especially during the rainy season. In the Masai Mara Game Reserve of Kenya, you can easily spot the giraffe feeding on the acacia tree on the endless Savannah. During the annual wildebeest migration, you will see over 1.5 million wild animals grazing on the ripened grass. You will see thousands of wildebeest, zebra, antelope, elephant, buffalo, rhino and the warthog. You will also see predators such as lion, leopard, cheetah and the hyena. The Mara river has specific sites where you can watch wild animals cross the river as crocodiles and hippos fiercely attack them. The Giraffe Center in Nairobi and Lake Nakuru national Park provide good shelter for herds of giraffe. The Serengeti National Park and Lake Manyara in Tanzania are other places where you can watch the giraffe. These two parks are excellent for game viewing. Lake Manyara is a haven for bird watching. A part from watching the rare giraffe, you will see many large mammal species. Other places where you spot the giraffe include South Africa and along the Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe. An adult giraffe can weigh up to 70 kg. The tongue of a giraffe is about half a meter long and an adult can weigh a ton. The height of a giraffe is between four and three meters. It has an attractive long neck that has seven vertebrae. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5925107
Supercars – History and Development
Most often, the word ‘supercar’ is used to describe an expensive, high-end car which is exotic, fast and has a very powerful engine. In general it can be stated that «the car must be very fast, having sporting handling». Additionally there are several other desirable features, the most prominent of them being that it must be eye-catching, having a sleek look and having a price which is out of imagination of a common man. The high price range is a natural outcome of its high quality and finish, and it adds to its charm by making it exclusive to the higher income group. The above mentioned features and descriptions are subjective and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Supercars are one-of-a-kind vehicles. Usually these cars are very widely modified collectible muscle cars. A book which was published by «Research Institute of America» in 1944 previewed the changes which are said to have occurred after World War II in industrial and economic areas and used the term «supercar» to describe future vehicles merging advances in design & technology such as flat floor pans & automatic transmissions. The term «supercar» precludes the classification of muscle car to pronounce the «drag strip bred» inexpensive, mid-size cars of the 1960s and early 70s that were fortified with large, powerful V8 engines & rear wheel drive. The combination of a powerful engine in a lightweight car began with 1957 «Rambler Rebel» that was portrayed as a «veritable supercar». In 1966, as the four domestic automakers «required to cash in on the supercar market» the 60s supercars developed an official industry vogue with eye-catching and heart-boggling cars. The word supercar afterwards became to mean a «GT» or grand touring type of car. By the end of ’70s and in early ’80s of the 19th century, the phrase was in consistent use, if not exactly defined. In the late 20th century, the term supercar was accustomed to refer to a «very costly, fast or strong car with a centrally located engine». Also, it was universally accepted that it must be smooth & eye-catching looks and its price must be one in a rarefied atmosphere of its own. The term supercar has also been applied to technically superior vehicles using new fuel sources, aerodynamics, power plants & lightweight materials to develop an 80 mpg family-sized sedan. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7525052
How Does the 2017 Ford GT Stack Up?
The GT is by no means a Shelby GT 350 R, not even close. Besides the over $350,000 jump in price and the additional 100 or more horsepower. The new GT is even more track-focused then the previous ones. And the mid-engine layout, combined with the GT’s carbon-fiber construction it much more than a muscle car and more of a Super car. Even though Ford has not decided on a specific horse power, the new GT with 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 will produce more than 600 horsepower. Standing up well to the Corvette Z 06 and its’ 650 horses. Now Ford says it is working on the power-to-weight ratios to be the best of any production car. Even if they can’t hit the ratio of the Koenigsegg One with its 2.2 lbs / hp and make it to the range of the McLauren P1 with its 3.5 lbs / hp. Even with its aerodynamics the approx. 3500-lb Corvette Z06 may be a little overweight to held ground with the new GT. Priced like a Lamborghini Aventador Knowing it’s expected price range points to the real competition of the new 2017 GT. Granted the Lamborghini Aventador is packing 691 horse power, but outweighing the Corvette Z06 in curb weight by another 500 pounds, it may have a hard time keeping up with the new GT on the track. When you consider the Aventador holds twice the cylinders as the GT’s twin-turbo V6, and the fact that the Aventador is a naturally aspirated V12 all wheel drive, you can expect it to be faster off the line. It will be interesting to see how the GT compares to the McLaren 657LT the car that feels like a competition vehicle. Weighing in at less than 3000 lbs, the 657 is pretty light, but the GT will probably weigh less. The Mc Laren 675LT is also a limited-production car, with only 500 units slated to built and cost about $50,000 less than the Lamborghini. Then there is the Ferrari F12tdf with a price point just under $500,000 with a substantial increase in power. Touting a 6.3-liter V12 with 770 horsepower hitting 0 to 60 in under 3 seconds. The Ferrari will be a head over the GT by more than 100 horsepower, but the based on Fords claims the GT should be much more light weight. With Ford skipping a hybrid-electric system, it will be something to pit the new and severely less expensive Acura NSX with its hybrid tech and all-wheel drive against the new GT and its focus on light weight. With the NSX and its 573 horsepower will it be enough to hold its own against the GT? Time will tell. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9450246
Football Boots (Soccer Cleats) The History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGkDcAd48sk Football Boots: Earliest Recorded – King Henry VIII in 1526 King Henry VIII’s football boots were listed within the Great Wardrobe of 1526, a shopping list of the day. They were made by his personal shoemaker Cornelius Johnson in 1525, at a cost of 4 shillings, the equivalent of £100 in today’s money. Little is known about them, as there is no surviving example, but the royal football boots are known to have been made of strong leather, ankle high and heavier than the normal shoe of the day. Football Boots – The 1800’s Moving forward 300 years saw football developing and gaining popularity throughout Britain, but still remaining as an unstructured and informal pastime, with teams representing local factories and villages in a burgeoning industrial nation. Players would wear their hard, leather work boots, which were long laced and steel toe-capped as the first football boots. These football boots would also have metal studs or tacks hammered into them to increase ground grip and stability. As laws become integrated into the game in the late 1800’s, so saw the first shift in football boots to a slipper (or soccus) style shoe, with players of the same team starting to wear the same boots for the first time. Laws also allowed for studs, which had to be rounded. These leather studs, also known as cleats, were hammered into the early football boots, which for the first time moved away from the earlier favoured work boots. These football boots weighed 500g and were made of thick, hard leather going up the ankle for increased protection. The football boots would double in weight when wet and had six studs in the sole. The football boot had arrived… Football Boots – The 1900’s to 1940’s Football boot styles remained relatively constant throughout the 1900’s up to the end of the second world war. The most significant events in the football boot world in the first part of the twentieth century were the formation of several football boot producers who are still making football boots today, including Gola (1905), Valsport (1920) and Danish football boot maker Hummel (1923). Over in Germany, Dassler brothers Adolf and Rudolf formed the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik (Dassler Brothers Shoe Factory) in Herzogenaurach in 1924 and began producing football boots in 1925 which had 6 or 7 replaceable, nailed studs, which could be changed according to the weather conditions of play. Football Boots – The 1940’s to 1960’s Football boot styles shifted significantly after the end of the second world war, as air travel became cheaper and more international fixtures were played. This saw the lighter, more flexible football boot being worn by the South Americans being thrust onto the world stage, and their ball skills and technical ability amazed all those that watched them. Football boot production shifted to producing a lighter football boot with the focus on kicking and controlling the ball rather than simply producing a piece of protective footwear. 1948 saw the formation of the Adidas company by Adolf (Adi) Dassler after a falling out with his brother that was to form the cornerstone of football boot maker rivalry for the preceding years up to today. Brother Rudolf founded the beginnings of the Puma company in 1948, quickly producing the Puma Atom football boot. This led to interchangeable screw in studs made of plastic or rubber for the first time, reputedly by Puma in the early 1950’s but the honour is also claimed by Adidas (Read the Story on Footy-Boots). Football boots of the time were still over the ankle, but were now being made of a mixture of synthetic materials and leather, producing and even lighter shoe for the players of the day to display their skills with. Football Boots – The 1960’s The technological developments of the sixties bought a momentous step-change in design which saw the lower cut design introduced for the first time in football history. This change allowed players to move faster and saw the likes of Pele wearing Puma football boots in the 1962 World Cup Finals. Adidas, though, quickly emerged as the market leader, a position it claims until the present day. In the World Cup Finals of 1966, an astonishing 75% of players wore the Adidas football boot. The 1960’s also saw several other football boot makers joining the market with their own brands and styling including Mitre (1960), Joma (1965) and Asics (1964). Football Boots – The 1970’s The seventies began with the iconic 1970 World Cup Finals which saw a sublime Brazilian team lift the trophy with Pele again at the helm, this time wearing the Puma King football boot. The decade itself will be remembered for the way in which football boot sponsorship took off, where players were being paid to wear only one brand. In terms of design and style, technological advancements produced lighter boots, and a variety of colours, including for the first time, the all-white football boot. In 1979, Adidas produced the world’s best selling football boot the Copa Mundial, built of kangaroo leather and built for speed and versatility. Although Adidas remained dominant, several other football boot makers joined the fray including Italian football boot maker Diadora (1977). Football Boots – The 1980’s The greatest development of recent times in the design and technology of football boots was developed in the eighties by former player Craig Johnston, who created the Predator football boot, which was eventually released by Adidas in the 1990’s. Johnston designed the Predator to provide greater traction between football boot and the ball, and football boot and the ground. The design allowed for greater surface areas to come into contact with the ball when being hit by the football boot, with a series of power and swerve zones within the striking area allowing the player to create greater power and swerve when hitting the «sweet spots». The eighties also saw football boots for the first time being made by English company Umbro (1985), Italy’s Lotto and Spain’s
Why Traveling Makes Us More Creative
Traveling is a wonderful hobby for millions of people across the globe. This also provides various advantages to people. Here’s why traveling is important. The ability to move around from one place to the other place is the main virtue one can ever have. All humans and animals have been secured with this ability, but humans are always a step forward. We humans being, have an extraordinary virtue of seeing, experiencing and learning from it, and this is exactly what makes our traveling more satisfying and enriching. A person who went on a long-distance journey returned home after some years. Till then, his family had either no or very little information regarding his situation and well-being. In some thrilling cases, a person would never return. In despite of all these barriers and difficulties, people traveled; not always because they needed to, but many times, also because they loved to. And why not? Traveling not only takes us to distant lands and explains us with various people, but this also removes the dullness of our lives. This is certainly very unlucky that some people feel traveling is a sheer waste of time, energy and money. Some also discovery traveling a very boring activity. However, a good majority of people across the world wish traveling, rather than staying inside the partial spaces of their homes. They love to travel to new places, meet new people, as well as see things that they would not find in their homelands. This is a very common attitude that has made tourism, one of the most money-making, commercial sectors in the world. People travel for different reasons. Some travel for work, others for fun, and some for finding mental peace. Though every person may have his/her own reason to go on a traveling, this is significant to note that traveling, in itself, has some inherent rewards. For one, for some days getting away from everyday routine is a pleasant change. This not only refreshes one’s body, but also mind and soul. Traveling to a distant place and doing fantastic things that are not thought of otherwise, can refresh a person, who then returns home, ready to take on new and more problematic challenges in life and work. This makes a person forget his worries, problems, preventions, and fears, albeit for some time. This offer him a chance to think wisely and usefully. Traveling also helps to heal; this can mend a broken heart. For many people, traveling is a way to achieve knowledge, and perhaps, a quest to find answers to their questions. For this, different people prefer to go to faraway and lonely places. For believers, this is a search for God and to gain higher knowledge; for others, this is a search for inner peace. They might or might not find what they are looking for, but such an experience certainly augments their lives. With people, with their culture, opinions and ideas also travel. When they go from one place to the other place, they are bound to meet people and share their thoughts and experiences with them. This is where the exchange of ideas takes place, and it definitely broadens a person’s outlook. This makes him/her think in a different way, from a different viewpoint. When we speak of cultural influences and exchange, food is one of the important factors. The food habits of people say a lot of things about them. It is very interesting to discover new and unknown ways and values; they really add spice to life. Traveling also makes lifelong memories. Whether a person travels solo or along with family and friends, the experience certainly gives him/her nice and thrilling stories, which he/she can share with people back home. A good long holiday with loved ones allows him/her to spend some quality time with them, which in turn, benefits to renew and restore relationships and makes very strong one-to-one and family bonds. In fact, traveling away from home and spending time with near and dear one(s) can bring the relationship an entirely new perspective and possibly, people may begin understanding each other in a good way. Addition to the above, traveling and getting away from our homes allows us to spend some time with our own selves. This makes us subtler and more tolerant towards others. This also makes it easier for us to meet and mingle with various kinds of people, and also explains us to live life to the fullest. Some of them travel from richer countries to poorer ones in pursuit of cheaper medication; some others travel from inferior countries to more developed ones to get the right medication. Medical tourism is today, one of the most essential parts of the travel and tourism sector and more than 50 countries have recognized it as a national industry. Personal health is what makes travel very important. People here, travel because they don’t have an option in most cases. One might wonder that if a person becomes medical aid only after he reaches his/her destination, what importance does traveling hold in this case? Well, traveling stimulates hope in a person. As a person travels and gets more and more faster to the destination, the hope of getting preserved and living a healthy as well as smooth life ahead goes on increasing. Thus, traveling makes a person more confident towards life. Traveling can therefore be a very enchanting and inspiring experience that may help recover the quality of your life. So, let the travel bug bite you so that you experience the excitement and the serenity of life at the same time, and arise a different person altogether. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9496213
How to choose your new laptop
It’s that time of year again. The summer is winding to a close and that means colder weather, leaves changing their color and schools everywhere are about to open their doors. One thing that a lot of parents (and students) are dreading is that school’s are beginning to require their students own laptops to use in their classes. But fear not, for I have compiled a guide that will make buying the right laptop much easier for you. And if you’re not going to school this fall, this guide should still assist you in your quest for a business or personal laptop for yourself or someone in need this holiday season. Why are you buying a new Laptop? Maybe you’re one of the parents looking to find a laptop for their child to take to school this year, or perhaps you’re looking for a system that will give you a new edge at the office. The reason you are buying your laptop is going to determine what you’re going to need out of the new system. If your laptop is going to be using Computer Animated Design software for example, you’re going to want a more powerful processor than if you’re merely using it for Word Processing or Internet based research. Are you a hardcore gamer? Do you like editing photos or creating videos? Are you a musician looking to get some better exposure? It may be best for you to jot down every possible scenario you could see yourself using the laptop before you read the next section of the guide, to be sure you’re getting everything you need out of the system. Laptops come in all shapes and sizes. Size does matter. This is a feature that a lot of people overlook when buying a laptop, but the size and physical features of the laptop are arguably one of the most important. Where the processor, amount of ram, and hard drive can be upgraded and replaced as needed, features like the size of the laptop, the placement of its various input/output ports and it’s weight are all things that you’re realistically going to be stuck with after your purchase it. Some things to ask yourself are: How large of a screen am I going to need? Am I going to be carrying this laptop around a lot? How many peripherals are going to be attached to the laptop? Am I going to miss not having the NUMPAD on my keyboard? The size of the screen is going to directly affect the size of the laptop, so this question is important. If you are buying this laptop to edit photos, create videos, play games or watch movies and television then you’ll likely want a large screen. Keep in mind that large screen laptops are heavier, and therefor if you’re going to be crossing a large campus on a daily basis you’ll need to consider that as well. The number of peripherals you’ll be attaching to the laptop also helps narrow down what you’ll be using it for. The most important consideration is the number of USB ports you’ll have, as most accessories and devices connect to a laptop using these ports. A printer that isn’t wireless, a drawing tablet, a wired or wireless mouse and a USB storage drive are all examples of devices that connect via USB. If you intend on connecting your laptop up to a monitor at any given time you’ll want to consider the Output connection on the laptop as well. Finally, one of the most overlooked features of a laptop is the presence or absence of the NUMPAD on the keyboard. The NUMPAD is the 16 button portion beside your arrow keys that sort of resembles a telephone. Though, it is possible to purchase a USB powered external NUMPAD for a laptop, if you’re used to having one, it’s best to have it attached to the laptop itself. What makes a good Laptop? Now that you have an idea about what you want your laptop to look like on the outside, it’s time to consider what you’d like to see on the inside. If you’re buying this laptop merely to use programs like Microsoft Office, an internet browser and iTunes then you’re not going to need a whole lot of power from your system. Laptops on the retail market these days come equipped with Windows 7 as an operating system, and unlike their Vista counterparts a couple years back will come designed to handle running the operating system smoothly. That being said, a good benchmark to set for your system will be 4GB of RAM; preferably DDR3, A quality dual core processor (avoid the Intel Celeron series for example), and then a hard drive based off how much you plan to store on your computer. Typically hard drives from 250 – 500GB are the most commonly found on lower to mid ranged laptops, and that should be more than sufficient storage space. If your plan is to use more intensive programs, such as Graphic Design software, Music editing software, or anything else that will create an intensive load on your system you’ll want to take a closer look at your Processor. A processor that boasts dynamic performance enhancement, such as the Multithreading feature offered in the Intel i series of processors are a good choice for this. The cores of the i3-i7 processors are designed to divide tasks up into threads within each processing core, allowing your system to think it has more cores to work with, the end result being that it can force a little extra power out of your system in a pinch. Another handy feature to watch for is the size of your L2 and L3 cache. The larger the cache, the more your system is able to do without slowing itself down to access more distant memory sources, and that means quicker response times to whatever you need to access. If you’re buying this system specifically for
Jellyfish Around the World – History and Classification
Nearly 70% of the earth’s surface is covered in water. Of the 9,500 species of birds living today, only 3% are seabirds (Lynch, 1997). For centuries, researchers have studied one of the most amazing species of birds, the penguin. Penguins have captivated scientist all around the globe, leaving them with more questions than they started with. Penguins have been able to adapt and survive the harshest living environments of any wildlife species. They are truly a remarkable creature. The origin of the word «penguin» is uncertain. There are several theories of how the word was derived and given to the magnificent creature we know as the penguin. Some theorize that the word is in reference to the amount of fat (penguigo in Spanish and pinguis in Latin) penguins posses. Others claim it is from two Welsh words meaning «white head». Yet, the most agreed upon explanation is that «penguin» was used as a name for the great auk, which is now extinct. The auk resembles the modern-day penguin. It is believed, that the prehistoric penguins began disappearing when the number of prehistoric seals and small whales started increasing in the oceans. Penguins may have become prey to the seals and whales, but it is also theorized that all three animals competed for the same food sources. More than likely, both factors contributed to the extinction of these ancient penguins. Scientist recognize 32 species of extinct penguins. Thus far, the discovery of all penguin fossil fragments have been limited to the Southern Hemisphere. The first penguin fossil fragments were discovered in New Zealand in the mid-1800s. Only a few bone fragments have been found over the years. Scientist estimate that prehistoric penguins stood at least four feet tall, and some as tall as 5.9 feet. The weight of these penguins are estimated to be between 198 to 298 pounds. Discoveries have proved that penguins had spread to South America and were beginning to expand into Atlantic waters. Penguins are in Class Aves, which includes all birds. All penguins, living and extinct are included in the Order Sphenisciformes. There is only one Family classification in the Order Sphenisciformes, and that is Spheniscidai, which includes all penguins, living and extinct.